What is Diabetes?
糖尿病，也被称为糖尿病，是一种导致血糖升高的疾病. 糖尿病的诊断依据是空腹血糖水平达到126毫克/分升(mg/dL)或更高.
How diabetes develops
当你的消化系统分解食物时，你的血糖水平就会上升. 人体细胞吸收血液中的糖(葡萄糖)并将其用作能量. The cells do this using a hormone called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas, an organ near the stomach.
当你的身体不能产生足够的胰岛素或者不能有效地产生胰岛素的时候, sugar levels rise in the bloodstream. As a result:
- Right away, the body’s cells may be starved for energy.
- The levels of fatty substances in the blood rise, 导致动脉粥样硬化和大血管的血流量减少.
- 随着沙巴足球体育平台的推移，高血糖水平可能会损害眼睛、肾脏、神经或心脏.
Types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
这种类型的糖尿病也称为胰岛素依赖型糖尿病. 1型糖尿病患者必须每天服用胰岛素，也可以每天服用其他药物. 这就弥补了身体不能产生胰岛素的不足.
1型糖尿病以前被称为青少年糖尿病，因为它通常在儿童和年轻人中被诊断出来. 然而，这种慢性的、终身的疾病可能在以后的年龄发展. 有1型糖尿病家族史的人患糖尿病的风险更大.
当人体免疫系统攻击并破坏胰腺中制造胰岛素的细胞时，就会患上1型糖尿病.
Once these cells are destroyed, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, so glucose stays in the blood. When there’s too much glucose in the blood, especially for prolonged periods, the organ systems in the body suffer long-term damage.
Learn more about the health consequences of diabetes and how to treat it.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. 2型糖尿病历来主要在成人中诊断. 但青少年和年轻人患2型糖尿病的速度令人担忧，因为他们有家族史，肥胖和缺乏运动的比例更高.
当身体产生“胰岛素抵抗”，不能有效地利用自身产生的胰岛素时，就会发生这种类型的糖尿病. 随着2型糖尿病的发展，胰腺产生胰岛素的能力下降.
糖尿病可以在没有症状的情况下逐渐发展，并且可以多年未被诊断出来. 这是值得关注的，因为未经治疗的糖尿病会导致许多人死亡 serious medical problems including cardiovascular disease.
Type 2 diabetes may be delayed or controlled with diet and exercise.
With the exception of gestational diabetes, diabetes that happens for the first time during pregnancy, once a body becomes diabetic, diet and health management will be a life-long process.
Precursors to diabetes
Insulin resistance
当身体产生胰岛素但不能有效地使用它时，就会发生胰岛素抵抗. 这导致葡萄糖在血液中堆积，而不是被细胞利用.
To reduce the high blood sugar levels, 胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞释放越来越多的胰岛素，试图保持血糖水平正常. 渐渐地，这些细胞无法满足身体对胰岛素的需求. As a result, blood sugar levels begin to rise.
当一个空腹的人血液中有过多的葡萄糖(高血糖症)或过多的胰岛素(高胰岛素血症), they may have insulin resistance.
Health risks of insulin resistance
胰岛素抵抗的人患前驱糖尿病的风险更大, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
有胰岛素抵抗的人更有可能有肥胖和缺乏运动的历史. 他们也可能有其他心血管风险因素，如高胆固醇和 high blood pressure.
Additional risk factors for insulin resistance include:
- Age 45 or older
- Family members with diabetes
- History of gestational diabetes, heart disease or stroke
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Black American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander American
导致胰岛素抵抗的其他因素包括代谢综合征, certain medications and hormonal and sleep disorders.
这就是为什么了解糖尿病的危险因素并采取措施预防糖尿病是很重要的.
Prediabetes
前驱糖尿病意味着身体在将血糖降至健康范围方面存在困难, but it hasn’t yet reached the level of Type 2 diabetes.
If you’ve been told that you have prediabetes, 你可以通过改善饮食来降低患2型糖尿病的风险, 如果你超重，增加你的体育活动和减肥.
Learn more about prediabetes.
